Inkunkuma yeplastiki yingxaki enjaloibangela izikhukulakwezinye iindawo zehlabathi.Njengoko iipholima zeplastiki zingaboli ngokulula, ungcoliseko lweplastiki lunokuyivala yonke imilambo.Ukuba ifikelela elwandle iphelela ekubeni nkuluamabala enkunkuma adadayo.

Kwilinge lokujongana nengxaki yehlabathi yongcoliseko lweplastiki, abaphandi baphuhlisa iplastiki eyonakalayo edilikayo emva kokuvezwa lilanga nomoya kangangeveki kuphela-uphuculo olukhulu kumashumi eminyaka, okanye iinkulungwane, inokuthatha iplastiki yemihla ngemihla. izinto zokubola.

Kwiiphepha elipapashwekwiJournal of the American Chemical Society (JACS), abaphandi bachaza iplastiki yabo entsha eyonakaliswa kokusingqongileyo eqhekeka ekukhanyeni kwelanga ibe yi-asidi ye-succinic, imolekyuli encinci yendalo engeyiyo eyityhefu engashiyi amaqhekeza e-microplastic kwindawo.

Izazinzulu zasebenzisa i-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) kunye ne-mass spectroscopy yekhemikhali yokubonisa iziphumo zabo kwiplastiki, i-polymer esekwe kwi-petroleum.

Bio-based?Iyarisayikilishwa?Iyabola?Isikhokelo sakho kwiiplastiki ezizinzileyo

Ngozinzo oluphezulu kwi-ajenda yomntu wonke kunye neteknoloji ehamba phambili ngokukhawuleza, ihlabathi leplastiki liyatshintsha.Nantsi into ekufuneka uyazi malunga neplastiki yanamhlanje- kunye nesigama esibhidayo ngamanye amaxesha,

Inkunkuma yeplastiki iye yaba yinkxalabo yehlabathi.Phantse amakhulu amane ezigidi zeetoni zayo ziveliswa kwihlabathi jikelele minyaka le, ngelixaIipesenti ezingama-79 zayo yonke inkunkuma yeplastiki ekhe yaveliswa iye yaphelela kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma okanye njengenkunkuma kwindawo yendalo.

Kodwa kuthekani ngeeplastiki ezintsha, ezizinzileyo - ngaba ziya kusinceda sijongane nomngeni wenkunkuma yeplastiki?Athetha ukuthini amagama asekwe kwibhayoloji, enokubola okanye enokuphinda isetyenziswe, kwaye angasinceda njani ukuba sifezekise usukelo lozinzo olunamabhongo kwaye sinciphise imfuno ye-oyile ekrwada kwimveliso yeplastiki?

Siza kukuthatha ngamanye awona magama axhaphakileyo anxulumene neeplastiki ezizinzileyo kwaye sityhile iinyani ngasemva komnye.

I-Bioplastics - iiplastiki ezisekelwe kwi-bio-based okanye i-biodegradable okanye zombini

I-Bioplastics ligama elisetyenziselwa ukubhekisela kwiiplastiki ezisekelwe kwi-bio-based, i-biodegradable, okanye ehambelanayo zombini iindlela.

Ngokuchaseneyo neeplastiki zemveli ezenziwe ngefosili esekwe kwifosili,iiplastiki ezisekwe kwibhayoloji zenziwe ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye kwisondlo esihlaziyekayoevela kwi-biomass.Iimathiriyeli ekrwada ezisetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo ukuvelisa ezi zityalo zihlaziywayo zemveliso yeplastiki ziquka izikhondo zombona, izikhondo zommoba kunye neselulosi, kwaye ngokwandayo nee-oyile ezahlukeneyo kunye namafutha asuka kwimithombo ehlaziyekayo.Amagama athi 'i-bioplastics' kunye 'ne-bio-based plastics' ahlala esetyenziswa ngokutshintshanayo ngabantu nje kodwa ayithethi into enye.

Iiplastiki zeBiodegradableziiplastiki ezinezakhiwo zemolekyuli ezintsha ezinokuboliswa ziibhaktheriya ekupheleni kobomi bazo phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo.Ayizizo zonke iiplastiki ezisekwe kwibhayoloji enokubola ngelixa ezinye iiplastiki zenziwe ngamafutha efosili zinjalo.

I-Bio-based - iiplastiki eziqulethe izinto eziveliswe kwi-biomass

Iiplastiki ezisekelwe kwibhayoloji zenziwe ngokuyinxenye okanye ngokupheleleyo zenziwe ngezinto eziveliswe kwi-biomass endaweni yemathiriyeli ekrwada esekwe kwifosili.Ezinye ziyabola kodwa ezinye azinjalo.

Ngo-2018, i-2.61 yezigidi zeetoni zeeplastiki ezisekelwe kwi-bio zaveliswa kwihlabathi jikelele,ngokweZiko leBioplastics kunye neBiocomposites (IfBB).Kodwa oko kusengaphantsi kwe-1% yemarike yeplastiki yehlabathi.Njengoko imfuno yeplastiki iqhubeka ikhula, injalo nemfuno yezisombululo zeplastiki ezizinzileyo.Iplastiki yesiqhelo esekwe kwifosili inokutshintshwa ngeplastiki yokulahla - i-bio-based equivalent.Oku kunokunceda ukunciphisa i-carbon footprint yemveliso yokugqibela ngelixa ezinye iimpawu zemveliso - ukuqina kwayo okanye ukubuyiswa kwakhona - umzekelo, zihlala zifana.

I-Polyhydroxyalkanoate okanye i-PHA, luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lweplastiki ye-biodegradable bio-based, okwangoku isetyenziselwa ukwenza ukupakishwa kunye neebhotile, umzekelo.Yieziveliswa kukutyalwa kwimizi-mveliso xa iintsholongwane ezithile zityiswa iswekile okanye amafuthaukusuka feedstocks ezifanabeet, umoba, ingqolowa okanye ioli yemifuno.Kodwa iimveliso ezingafunwayo,njengenkunkuma yokupheka ioli okanye imolasses eseleyo emva kokwenziwa kweswekile, inokusetyenziswa njengenye indawo yokutya, ukukhulula izityalo zokutya ukwenzela ezinye izinto.

Njengoko imfuno yeplastiki iqhubeka ikhula, uluhlu olubanzi lweeplastiki ezisekwe kwibhayoloji ziye zangena emarikeni kwaye kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokwandayo njengenye indlela.

-

Ezinye iiplastiki ezisekwe kwibhayoloji, ezinje, iiplastiki eziwa phantsi zinemichiza efanayo kunye neempawu kwiiplastiki eziqhelekileyo.Ezi plastiki azinakonakala, kwaye zihlala zisetyenziswa kwizicelo apho ukuqina kuyinto enqwenelekayo.

I-bio-based PET, eyenziwe ngokuyinxenye kwi-organic compound ethylene glycol efumaneka kwizityalo, isetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezininzi ezifanaiibhotile, ingaphakathi lemoto kunye ne-elektroniki.Njengoko imfuno yabathengi yeeplastiki ezizinzileyo zisanda,Imarike yale plastiki kulindeleke ukuba ikhule nge-10.8% ukusuka ngo-2018 ukuya ku-2024, idityaniswe minyaka le..

I-Bio-based polypropylene (PP) yenye iplastiki yokulahla engasetyenziselwa ukwenza iimveliso ezifana nezitulo, izitya kunye neekhaphethi.Ekupheleni kuka-2018,Ukuveliswa kwemveliso ye-bio-based PP kwenzeka okokuqala,ukuyivelisa kwinkunkuma kunye ne-oyile eyintsalela, njenge-oyile yokupheka esetyenzisiweyo.

I-Biodegradable - iplastiki ebola phantsi kweemeko ezithile

Ukuba iplastiki i-biodegradable, ithetha ukuba inokubola phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo kwaye xa idibene neebhaktheriya ezithile okanye ii-microbes - ukuyijika ibe ngamanzi, i-biomass kunye ne-carbon dioxide, okanye i-methane, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ze-aerobic okanye ze-anaerobic.I-Biodegradation ayibonakalisi kumxholo we-bio-based;endaweni yoko, idityaniswe nesakhiwo semolekyuli seplastiki.Nangona iiplastiki ezininzi ezinokubola zisekelwe kwizinto eziphilayo,ezinye iiplastikhi zebhayoloji zenziwe ngefosili esekwe kwisondlo se-oyile.

Igama elithi biodegradable alicaci kuba lingenjalochaza isikali sexeshaokanye indawo yokubola.Iiplastiki ezininzi, nezingaboliyo, ziya kuncipha ukuba zinikwe ixesha elaneleyo, umzekelo amakhulu eminyaka.Ziya kuqhekeka zibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci anokuthi angabonakali kwiliso lomntu, kodwa ahlale ekhona njenge-microplastics kwindawo esingqongileyo.Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uninzi lweeplastiki eziguquguqukayo ziya kubola zibe yi-CO2, amanzi kunye ne-biomass ukuba zinikwe ixesha elaneleyo.phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo.Kucetyiswa ukubaulwazi oluneenkcukachamalunga nokuba iplastiki ithatha ixesha elingakanani ukonakaliswa kwebhayoloji, inqanaba lokuthotywa kwezinto eziphilayo kunye neemeko ezifunekayo kufuneka zinikezelwe ukuvavanya ngcono iziqinisekiso zayo zokusingqongileyo.Iplastiki evundisiweyo, uhlobo lweplastiki enokubola, kulula ukuyivavanya njengoko kufuneka ihlangabezane nemigangatho echaziweyo ukuze ifanele ileyibhile.

I-Compostable - uhlobo lweplastiki enokubola

Iplastiki evundisiweyo yinxalenye yeplastiki enokubola.Phantsi kweemeko zomgquba, wohlulwa ziintsholongwane zibe yiCO2, amanzi kunye ne biomass.

Ukuze iplastiki iqinisekiswe njenge-compostable, kufuneka ihlangabezane nemigangatho ethile.EYurophu, oko kuthetha ukuba kwiIxesha lexesha leeveki ezili-12, i-90% yeplastiki kufuneka ibole ibe ngamaqhekeza angaphantsi kwe-2mm.ngobukhulu kwiimeko ezilawulwayo.Kufuneka iqulathe amanqanaba asezantsi esinyithi esinzima ukuze ingonakalisi umhlaba.

Iiplastiki ezivundisiweyokufuneka ithunyelwe kwindawo yoshishino apho kufakwa ubushushu kunye neemeko zokufumaukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotywa.I-PBAT, umzekelo, yifosili esekelwe kwipolymer esetyenziselwa ukwenza iingxowa zenkunkuma ephilayo, iikomityi ezilahlwayo kunye nefilimu yokupakisha kwaye i-biodegradable kwizityalo zomgquba.

Iplastiki eyophuka kwindawo evulekileyo njengakwimfumba ye-compost yasekhaya ngokuqhelekileyo kunzima ukuyenza.Ii-PHA, umzekelo, ziyalilingana ityala kodwa azisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukusukela ngokokuyabiza ukuvelisa kwaye inkqubo iyacotha kwaye kunzima ukuyinyusa.Nangona kunjalo iikhemisti ziye zasebenza ekuphuculeni oku, umzekelo ngokusebenzisai-catalyst yamachiza anoveli- into enceda ukunyusa izinga le-chemical reaction.

Iyarisayikilishwa – ukujikwa iplastiki esele isetyenzisiwe ibe yimveliso entsha ngoomatshini okanye ngemichiza

Ukuba iplastiki inokuphinda isetyenziswe, oko kuthetha ukuba inokuphinda iphinde isetyenziswe kwishishini lemizi-mveliso ize ijikwe ibe zezinye iimveliso eziluncedo.Iindidi ezininzi zeeplastiki eziqhelekileyo zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe ngoomatshini – olona hlobo luqhelekileyo lokurisayikilishwa.Kodwa uhlalutyo lokuqala lwehlabathi lwayo yonke inkunkuma yeplastiki eyakha yenziwabafumanise ukuba yi-9% kuphela yeplastiki esetyenziselwe ukurisayikilishwa okoko kwaqala ukwenziwa malunga namashumi amathandathu eminyaka eyadlulayo.

Ukurisayikilishwa koomatshinikubandakanya ukukrazula kunye nokunyibilika inkunkuma yeplastiki kwaye uyijike ibe yipellet.Ezi pellets ziye zisetyenziswe njengemathiriyeli ekrwada ukwenza iimveliso ezintsha.Umgangatho weplastiki uwohloka ngexesha lenkqubo;ngoko ke iqhekeza leplastikiingaphinda isetyenziswe ngoomatshini kuphela inani eliqingqiweyo lamaxeshaphambi kokuba ayisafaneleki njengento ekrwada.Iplastiki entsha, okanye 'iplastiki enyulu', ke ngoko isoloko ixutywa neplastiki esetyenzisiweyo kwakhona phambi kokuba ijikwe ibe yimveliso entsha ukunceda ukufikelela kwinqanaba elifunekayo lomgangatho.Nalapho, iiplastiki ezisetyenziswe ngoomatshini azilungelanga zonke iinjongo.

Iplastiki eyenziwe ngokutsha ngokwekhemikhali ingathatha indawo yeoyile yefosili esekwe kwimathiriyeli ekrwada ekuvelisweni kweeplastiki ezintsha

-

Ukurisayikilishwa kweekhemikhali, apho iiplastiki ziguqulwa zibuyele zibe zibhloko zokwakha zize zilungiswe zibe yimathiriyeli ekrwada ekumgangatho onyulu kwiiplastiki ezintsha neekhemikhali, lusapho olutsha lweenkqubo oluya lusanda ngoku.Ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya i-catalysts kunye / okanye ukushisa okuphezulu kakhulu ukudiliza iplastiki kunyeingafakwa kuluhlu olubanzi lwenkunkuma yeplastiki xa kuthelekiswa nokuhlaziywa koomatshini.Umzekelo, iifilimu zeplastiki eziqulethe iileya ezininzi okanye ungcoliseko oluthile azikwazi ngokuqhelekileyo ukurisayikilishwa ngoomatshini kodwa zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe ngokwekhemikhali.

Izinto ezisetyenziswa ekrwada ezenziwe ngenkunkuma yeplastiki kwinkqubo yokurisayikilishwa kweekhemikhali zingasetyenziselwathatha indawo yeoyile ekrwada esekwe kwimathiriyeli ekrwada ekuvelisweni kweeplastiki ezintsha, ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

Olunye lolona ncedo luphambili lokurisayikilishwa kweekhemikhali kukuba yinkqubo yophuculo apho umgangatho weplastiki ungathotywanga xa sele igqityiwe ukwenziwa ngokungafaniyo neentlobo ezininzi zokurisayikilisha koomatshini.Iplastiki enesiphumo ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso ezibandakanya izitya zokutya kunye nezinto zokusetyenziswa kwezonyango kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo apho kukho iimfuno ezingqongqo zokhuseleko lwemveliso.